Signals and slots are loosely coupled: A class which emits a signal neither knows nor cares which slots receive the signal. Qt's signals and slots mechanism ensures that if you connect a signal to a slot, the slot will be called with the signal's parameters at the right time. Signals and slots can take any number of arguments of any type.

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Signals and slots are used for communication between objects. Thesignal/slot mechanism is a central feature of Qt and probably thepart that differs most from other toolkits.

In GUI programming we often want a change in one widget to be notifiedto another widget. More generally, we want objects of any kind to beable to communicate with one another. For example if we were parsingan XML file we might want to notify a list view that we're using torepresent the XML file's structure whenever we encounter a new tag.

Older toolkits achieve this kind of communication using callbacks. Acallback is a pointer to a function, so if you want a processingfunction to notify you about some event you pass a pointer to anotherfunction (the callback) to the processing function. The processingfunction then calls the callback when appropriate. Callbacks have twofundamental flaws. Firstly they are not type safe. We can never becertain that the processing function will call the callback with thecorrect arguments. Secondly the callback is strongly coupled to theprocessing function since the processing function must know whichcallback to call.

An abstract view of some signals and slots connections

In Qt we have an alternative to the callback technique. We use signalsand slots. A signal is emitted when a particular event occurs. Qt'swidgets have many pre-defined signals, but we can always subclass toadd our own. A slot is a function that is called in reponse to aparticular signal. Qt's widgets have many pre-defined slots, but it iscommon practice to add your own slots so that you can handle thesignals that you are interested in.

The signals and slots mechanism is type safe: the signature of asignal must match the signature of the receiving slot. (In fact a slotmay have a shorter signature than the signal it receives because itcan ignore extra arguments.) Since the signatures are compatible, thecompiler can help us detect type mismatches. Signals and slots areloosely coupled: a class which emits a signal neither knows nor careswhich slots receive the signal. Qt's signals and slots mechanismensures that if you connect a signal to a slot, the slot will becalled with the signal's parameters at the right time. Signals andslots can take any number of arguments of any type. They arecompletely typesafe: no more callback core dumps!

All classes that inherit from QObject or one of its subclasses(e.g. QWidget) can contain signals and slots. Signals are emitted byobjects when they change their state in a way that may be interestingto the outside world. This is all the object does to communicate. Itdoes not know or care whether anything is receiving the signals itemits. This is true information encapsulation, and ensures that theobject can be used as a software component.

An example of signals and slots connections

Slots can be used for receiving signals, but they are also normalmember functions. Just as an object does not know if anything receivesits signals, a slot does not know if it has any signals connected toit. This ensures that truly independent components can be created withQt.

You can connect as many signals as you want to a single slot, and asignal can be connected to as many slots as you desire. It is evenpossible to connect a signal directly to another signal. (This willemit the second signal immediately whenever the first is emitted.)

Together, signals and slots make up a powerful component programmingmechanism.

A Small Example

A minimal C++ class declaration might read:

Signaux et slots qt 5 7

A small Qt class might read:

This class has the same internal state, and public methods to access thestate, but in addition it has support for component programming usingsignals and slots: this class can tell the outside world that its statehas changed by emitting a signal, valueChanged(), and it hasa slot which other objects can send signals to.

All classes that contain signals or slots must mention Q_OBJECT intheir declaration.

Slots are implemented by the application programmer.Here is a possible implementation of Foo::setValue():

The line emit valueChanged(v) emits the signalvalueChanged from the object. As you can see, you emit asignal by using emit signal(arguments).

Here is one way to connect two of these objects together:

Calling a.setValue(79) will make a emit a valueChanged()signal, which b will receive in its setValue() slot,i.e. b.setValue(79) is called. b will then, in turn,emit the same valueChanged() signal, but since no slot has beenconnected to b's valueChanged() signal, nothing happens (thesignal is ignored).

Note that the setValue() function sets the value and emitsthe signal only if v != val. This prevents infinite loopingin the case of cyclic connections (e.g. if b.valueChanged()were connected to a.setValue()).

A signal is emitted for every connection you make, so if youduplicate a connection, two signals will be emitted. You can alwaysbreak a connection using QObject::disconnect().

This example illustrates that objects can work together without knowingabout each other, as long as there is someone around to set up aconnection between them initially.

The preprocessor changes or removes the signals, slots andemit keywords so that the compiler is presented with standard C++.

Run the moc on class definitions that containsignals or slots. This produces a C++ source file which should be compiledand linked with the other object files for the application. If you useqmake, the makefile rules toautomatically invoke the moc will be added toyour makefile for you.

Signals

Signals are emitted by an object when its internal state has changedin some way that might be interesting to the object's client or owner.Only the class that defines a signal and its subclasses can emit thesignal.

A list box, for example, emits both highlighted() andactivated() signals. Most objects will probably only beinterested in activated(), but some may want to know aboutwhich item in the list box is currently highlighted. If the signal isinteresting to two different objects you just connect the signal toslots in both objects.

When a signal is emitted, the slots connected to it are executedimmediately, just like a normal function call. The signal/slotmechanism is totally independent of any GUI event loop. Theemit will return when all slots have returned.

If several slots are connected to one signal, the slots will beexecuted one after the other, in an arbitrary order, when the signalis emitted.

Signals are automatically generated by the mocand must not be implemented in the .cpp file. They can never havereturn types (i.e. use void).

A note about arguments. Our experience shows that signals and slotsare more reusable if they do not use special types. If QScrollBar::valueChanged() were to use a special type such as thehypothetical QRangeControl::Range, it could only be connected toslots designed specifically for QRangeControl. Something as simple asthe program in Tutorial #1 part 5would be impossible.

Slots

A slot is called when a signal connected to it is emitted. Slots arenormal C++ functions and can be called normally; their only specialfeature is that signals can be connected to them. A slot's argumentscannot have default values, and, like signals, it is rarely wise touse your own custom types for slot arguments.

Since slots are normal member functions with just a little extraspice, they have access rights like ordinary member functions. Aslot's access right determines who can connect to it:

A public slots section contains slots that anyone can connectsignals to. This is very useful for component programming: you createobjects that know nothing about each other, connect their signals andslots so that information is passed correctly, and, like a modelrailway, turn it on and leave it running.

A protected slots section contains slots that this class and itssubclasses may connect signals to. This is intended for slots that arepart of the class's implementation rather than its interface to therest of the world.

A private slots section contains slots that only the class itselfmay connect signals to. This is intended for very tightly connectedclasses, where even subclasses aren't trusted to get the connectionsright.

You can also define slots to be virtual, which we have found quiteuseful in practice.

The signals and slots mechanism is efficient, but not quite as fast as'real' callbacks. Signals and slots are slightly slower because of theincreased flexibility they provide, although the difference for realapplications is insignificant. In general, emitting a signal that isconnected to some slots, is approximately ten times slower thancalling the receivers directly, with non-virtual function calls. Thisis the overhead required to locate the connection object, to safelyiterate over all connections (i.e. checking that subsequent receivershave not been destroyed during the emission) and to marshall anyparameters in a generic fashion. While ten non-virtual function callsmay sound like a lot, it's much less overhead than any 'new' or'delete' operation, for example. As soon as you perform a string,vector or list operation that behind the scene requires 'new' or'delete', the signals and slots overhead is only responsible for avery small proportion of the complete function call costs. The same istrue whenever you do a system call in a slot; or indirectly call morethan ten functions. On an i586-500, you can emit around 2,000,000signals per second connected to one receiver, or around 1,200,000 persecond connected to two receivers. The simplicity and flexibility ofthe signals and slots mechanism is well worth the overhead, which yourusers won't even notice.

Meta Object Information

The meta object compiler (moc) parses the classdeclaration in a C++ file and generates C++ code that initializes themeta object. The meta object contains the names of all the signal andslot members, as well as pointers to these functions. (For moreinformation on Qt's Meta Object System, see Whydoesn't Qt use templates for signals and slots?.)

The meta object contains additional information such as the object's class name. You can also check if an objectinherits a specific class, for example:

A Real Example

Here is a simple commented example (code fragments from qlcdnumber.h ).

QLCDNumber inherits QObject, which has most of the signal/slotknowledge, via QFrame and QWidget, and #include's the relevantdeclarations.

Q_OBJECT is expanded by the preprocessor to declare several memberfunctions that are implemented by the moc; if you get compiler errorsalong the lines of 'virtual function QButton::className not defined'you have probably forgotten to run the moc or toinclude the moc output in the link command.

It's not obviously relevant to the moc, but if you inherit QWidget youalmost certainly want to have the parent and namearguments in your constructors, and pass them to the parentconstructor.

Some destructors and member functions are omitted here; the mocignores member functions.

QLCDNumber emits a signal when it is asked to show an impossiblevalue.

If you don't care about overflow, or you know that overflow cannotoccur, you can ignore the overflow() signal, i.e. don't connect it toany slot.

If, on the other hand, you want to call two different error functionswhen the number overflows, simply connect the signal to two differentslots. Qt will call both (in arbitrary order).

A slot is a receiving function, used to get information about statechanges in other widgets. QLCDNumber uses it, as the code aboveindicates, to set the displayed number. Since display() is partof the class's interface with the rest of the program, the slot ispublic.

Several of the example programs connect the newValue() signal of aQScrollBar to the display() slot, so the LCD number continuously showsthe value of the scroll bar.

Note that display() is overloaded; Qt will select the appropriate versionwhen you connect a signal to the slot. With callbacks, you'd have to findfive different names and keep track of the types yourself.

Some irrelevant member functions have been omitted from thisexample.

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Threads and QObjects | Qt 4.8 - Qt DocumentationQObject::dumpObjectInfo()LEAVE A REPLY Cancel replyqt queuedconnectionLike signal slot qt thread this:

What do I do if a slot is not invoked? A practical checklist to debug your signal/slot connections

09.03.2017 Giuseppe D'Angelo 6 comments

All Qt developers have asked themselves at least once in their careers: “why isn’t my slot invoked?” (I’ve asked myself that question many, many times).

There are a number of reasons why a connection may fail to be properly set up, and ultimately cause our slot not to be invoked. This blog post is a practical series of checks to help you debug these sorts of issues.

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Re: moveToThread and connecting Signals

If it's Qt:irectConnection the ThreadID is (as expected and posted from you) the same. So how can I achieve that the slot is called serialized, if multiple runnables 'call' the slot at the same time? QMutex is the solution, right? If it's Qt::AutoConnection the slot never get called. Why? Last edited by Qiieha; 14th August 2015 at 09:49. Reply With Quote14th August 2015, 10:26 #10 anda_skoa
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User interface - Qt signaling across threads, one is GUI thread? - Stack OverflowHot Network Questions Indian Casino Eureka Ca What leaders at successful agile Enterprises share in commonUsing Transactions with Asynchronous Tasks in JavaEE ProductsIt is generally unsafe to provide slots in your QThread subclass, unless you protect the member variables with a mutex. On the other hand, you can safely emit signals from your QThread::run() implementation, because signal emission is thread-safe.16 May 2006 .. I am trying to connect signal of thread with slot of application & vice versa. From GUI, I am calling signal connecting to Slot A of MyThread.

Threads and Implicit Sharing

Qt uses an optimization called implicit data sharing for many of its value class, notably QImage and QString . In many people's minds, implicit sharing and multithreading are incompatible concepts, because of the way the reference counting is typically done. One solution is to protect the internal reference counter with a mutex, but this is prohibitively slow. Earlier versions of Qt didn't provide a satisfactory solution to this problem.

Beginning with Qt 4, implicit shared classes can safely be copied across threads, like any other value classes. They are fully reentrant . The implicit sharing is really implicit. This is implemented using atomic reference counting operations, which are implemented in assembly language for the different platforms supported by Qt. Atomic reference counting is very fast, much faster than using a mutex.

This having been said, if you access the same object in multiple threads simultaneously (as opposed to copies of the same object), you still need a mutex to serialize the accesses, just like with any reentrant class.

Signaux Et Slots Qt 5 3

To sum it up, implicitly shared classes in Qt 4 are really implicitly shared. Even in multithreaded applications, you can safely use them as if they were plain, non-shared, reentrant classes.

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Creating a Thread

Note that QCoreApplication::exec () must always be called from the main thread (the thread that executes main()), not from a QThread . In GUI applications, the main thread is also called the GUI thread because it's the only thread that is allowed to perform GUI-related operations.

In addition, you must create the QApplication (or QCoreApplication ) object before you can create a QThread .

Re: Are signals and slots thread safe?

20th April 2011, 17:27 #7 wysota
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Signals and slots is a language construct introduced in Qt for communication between objects .. on the FunctionalInterface annotation introduced in Java 8. C++: vdk-signals - thread-safe, type-safe, written in C++11 with atomic variables.Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged c++ qt signals-slots qt-signals or ask your own question . Lao Cai International Hotel and Casino PersonalHow Gremlin is making chaos engineering accessible Thread travailleur avec Qt en utilisant les signaux et les slotsHot Network Questions

Re: Are signals and slots thread safe?

20th April 2011, 15:41 #3 Cruz
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Signaux Et Slots Qt 5 7

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Learn how to make a complex multi-threaded application the easy way and communicate across threads

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    Re: Multi-threading behavior of signals and slots

    Originally Posted by T_h_e_o Suppose thread a is running and object A emits signal sig1 twice before thread c runs. After that, thread c runs. Will the slot of object C be called once or twice? Twice. Similarly to the situation above, add a thread b with object B which has a signal sig2 that is connected to the same slot of object C. Situation: thread a runs, object A emits signal sig1. Then thread b runs, object B emits signal sig2. Then thread c runs. Will the slot of object C be called once or twice? Twice. I know I posted a reply to your thread pretty quickly, but wouldn't it give you more satisfaction to just write an example program and test it yourself? Qt Code: Switch view
    1. #include
    2. #include
    3. #include
    4. class A : public QObject {
    5. Q_OBJECT
    6. public:
    7. A(){}
    8. public slots:
    9. void emitSignal() { emit sig1(); }
    10. signals:
    11. void sig1();
    12. };
    13. class C : public QObject {
    14. Q_OBJECT
    15. public:
    16. C(){}
    17. public slots:
    18. void someSlot() { qDebug() << Q_FUNC_INFO; }
    19. };
    20. #include 'main.moc'
    21. int main(int argc, char **argv) {
    22. QCoreApplication app(argc, argv);
    23. QThread t;
    24. A *a = new A;
    25. C *c = new C;
    26. c->moveToThread(&t);
    27. a->emitSignal();
    28. a->emitSignal();
    29. t.start();
    30. return app.exec();
    31. }

  • Writing PostGIS functions in Python language Multi-threadingqt thread safeQt code for the webcam feed - Casino Joker Miramontes Telefono Qt supports three types of signal-slot connections: .. and receiver live in different threads is unsafe if an event ..

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    Re: moveToThread and connecting Signals

    Cause I think deleting a QThread while executing is dangerous, isn't it? If I don't finish the threading properly the app chrashes. Qt Code: Switch view
    1. if(worker){//thats the pointer that is checked
    2. worker->interrupt();//a custom method that finishes the run method in object Worker, which is moved to QThread
    3. thread->quit();
    4. if(!thread->wait(3000))
    5. {
    6. thread->terminate();
    7. thread->wait();
    8. }
    9. }
  • 14th August 2015, 23:47 #16 anda_skoa
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    Administrator Join Date Jan 2006 Location Graz, Austria Posts 8,068 Thanks 35 Thanked 1,462 Times in 1,416 Posts Qt products Platforms

    Related Microsoft showcases its edgy AI toolkit at Connect(); 2017

    • Qt Automotive Suite training
    • Qt for Automotive Development
    • Modern C++: Introduction
    • Modern C++: C++11 / C++14 / C++17
    • if the thread that invokes the signal is the same thread the receiver has affinity with, use a direct connection ;
    • (otherwise) if the thread that invokes the signal is not the same thread the receiver has affinity with, use a queued connection .
    • Examples
    • Ambiguous types
    • Return values

    Reference

    • http://blog.qt.digia.com/blog/2010/06/17/youre-doing-it-wrong/
    • http://woboq.com/blog/qthread-you-were-not-doing-so-wrong.html
    • http://ilearnstuff.blogspot.com/2012/08/when-qthread-isnt-thread.html

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    Signals and Slots Across Threads. Qt supports these signal-slot connection types: Auto Connection (default) If the signal is emitted in the thread which the receiving object has affinity then the behavior is the same as the Direct Connection. Otherwise, the behavior is the same as the Queued Connection.' San Manuel Casino Bingo Times GammaRayUpdate to Linux perf reportSignals/slots accross threads | Qt Forum How To Really, Truly Use QThreads; The Full Explanation | Maya's Programming & Electronics BlogGitHub - Kosta-Github/signals-cpp: Provide a very simple C++ ..

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